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Linux检测磁盘坏道
source link: https://owenyk.github.io/2021/11/26/Linux%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B%E7%A3%81%E7%9B%98%E5%9D%8F%E9%81%93/#comment-waline
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一、使用badblocks命令
badblocks [-svw][-b <区块大小>][-o <输出文件>][磁盘装置][磁盘区块数][启始区块]
参数说明：
-b<区块大小> 指定磁盘的区块大小，单位为字节。
-o<输出文件> 将检查的结果写入指定的输出文件。
-s 在检查时显示进度。
-v 执行时显示详细的信息。
-w 在检查时，执行写入测试。
[磁盘装置] 指定要检查的磁盘装置。
[磁盘区块数] 指定磁盘装置的区块总数。
[启始区块] 指定要从哪个区块开始检查。
1、列出磁盘信息
user@user-pc:~$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 931.51 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Disk model: nal USB 3.0
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x627a0fc4
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 41840639 41838592 20G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 41842686 1953523711 1911681026 911.6G f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5 222707712 419434495 196726784 93.8G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6 419436544 838868991 419432448 200G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda7 838871040 1187000319 348129280 166G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda8 1187002368 1396715519 209713152 100G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda9 1396717568 1953523711 556806144 265.5G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda10 41842688 56438783 14596096 7G 83 Linux
/dev/sda11 56440832 58439679 1998848 976M 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda12 58441728 61046783 2605056 1.2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda13 61048832 222693375 161644544 77.1G 83 Linux
2、将检测坏道信息保存到文件：
user@user-pc:~$ sudo badblocks -v /dev/sda8 > /tmp/badsectors.txt # sudo badblocks -s -v /dev/sda8 -o badsectors.txt
Checking blocks 0 to 104856575
Checking for ba blocks (read-only test): done Pass completed, 0 bad blocks found. (0/0/0 errors)
3、修复（待验证）
(1)先用dd尽量备份坏块dd if=/dev/sdb bs=4096 skip=扫描出的磁盘区块坏道 of=/tmp/15435904.dat count=1
(2)对这些坏块进行重写(注意! -w写测试会覆盖数据)badblocks -w -f /dev/sdb 坏道结束编号 坏道起始编号
(3)如果前面的操作有成功的备份/tmp/15435904.dat, 就把它写回:dd if=/tmp/15435904.dat of=/dev/sdb seek=15435904 bs=4096 count=1
也可以提示操作系统不要使用损坏区块存储# e2fsck -l /tmp/badsectors.txt /dev/sdb
备注: 执行e2fsck命令前，需要先挂载设备
二、使用smartmontools工具扫描：
user@user-pc:~$ sudo apt update
命中:1 http://packages.microsoft.com/repos/code stable InRelease
...
命中:12 https://mirror.serverion.com/mariadb/repo/10.6/debian bullseye InRelease
已下载 39.4 kB，耗时 7秒 (5,607 B/s)
正在读取软件包列表... 完成
正在分析软件包的依赖关系树... 完成
正在读取状态信息... 完成
所有软件包均为最新。
user@user-pc:~$ sudo apt install smartmontools
正在读取软件包列表... 完成
正在分析软件包的依赖关系树... 完成
正在读取状态信息... 完成
建议安装：
gsmartcontrol smart-notifier mailx | mailutils
下列【新】软件包将被安装：
smartmontools
升级了 0 个软件包，新安装了 1 个软件包，要卸载 0 个软件包，有 0 个软件包未被升级。
需要下载 565 kB 的归档。
解压缩后会消耗 2,168 kB 的额外空间。
获取:1 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye/main amd64 smartmontools amd64 7.2-1 [565 kB]
已下载 565 kB，耗时 0秒 (1,212 kB/s)
正在选中未选择的软件包 smartmontools。
(正在读取数据库 ... 系统当前共安装有 172754 个文件和目录。)
准备解压 .../smartmontools_7.2-1_amd64.deb ...
正在解压 smartmontools (7.2-1) ...
正在设置 smartmontools (7.2-1) ...
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/smartd.service → /lib/systemd/system/smartmo
ntools.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/smartmontools.servic
e → /lib/systemd/system/smartmontools.service.
正在处理用于 man-db (2.9.4-2) 的触发器 ...
2、使用方法
检测路径根据$ sudo fdisk -l列出的对应。
（1）检测磁盘某部分
user@user-pc:~$ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda8 -x
smartctl 7.2 2020-12-30 r5155 [x86_64-linux-5.10.0-9-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-20, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Vendor: TO Exter
Product: nal USB 3.0
Revision: 0104
Compliance: SPC-4
User Capacity: 1,000,204,886,016 bytes [1.00 TB]
Logical block size: 512 bytes
Physical block size: 4096 bytes
LU is fully provisioned
Logical Unit id: 0x3020150331000810
Serial number: 2015033100081
Device type: disk
Local Time is: Fri Nov 26 09:43:16 2021 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
Temperature Warning: Disabled or Not Supported
Read Cache is: Enabled
Writeback Cache is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Health Status: OK
Current Drive Temperature: 0 C
Drive Trip Temperature: 0 C
Error Counter logging not supported
No Self-tests have been logged
Device does not support Background scan results logging
（2）检测挂载的某个磁盘
user@user-pc:~$ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda -x
smartctl 7.2 2020-12-30 r5155 [x86_64-linux-5.10.0-9-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-20, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Western Digital Blue
Device Model: WDC WD10EZEX-08M2NA0
Serial Number: WD-WCC3F5NUNC7S
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 20bf6d4ff
Firmware Version: 01.01A01
User Capacity: 1,000,204,886,016 bytes [1.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 7200 rpm
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ACS-2, ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 3b
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Fri Nov 26 09:44:39 2021 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
AAM feature is: Unavailable
APM feature is: Unavailable
Rd look-ahead is: Enabled
Write cache is: Enabled
DSN feature is: Unavailable
ATA Security is: Disabled, NOT FROZEN [SEC1]
Wt Cache Reorder: Unknown
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Status not supported: Incomplete response, ATA output registers missing
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
Warning: This result is based on an Attribute check.
user@user-pc:~$ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda -a
smartctl 7.2 2020-12-30 r5155 [x86_64-linux-5.10.0-9-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-20, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Western Digital Blue
Device Model: WDC WD10EZEX-08M2NA0
Serial Number: WD-WCC3F5NUNC7S
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 20bf6d4ff
Firmware Version: 01.01A01
User Capacity: 1,000,204,886,016 bytes [1.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 7200 rpm
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ACS-2, ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 3b
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Fri Nov 26 12:25:59 2021 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Status not supported: Incomplete response, ATA output registers missing
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
Warning: This result is based on an Attribute check.
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: (11580) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 120) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 5) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x3035) SCT Status supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0027 173 165 021 Pre-fail Always - 2308
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 094 094 000 Old_age Always - 6265
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 095 095 000 Old_age Always - 4052
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 857
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 106
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 198 198 000 Old_age Always - 6159
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 106 085 000 Old_age Always - 37
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 200 200 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0008 200 200 000 Old_age Offline - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
（3）检测挂载的另一个磁盘
user@user-pc:~$ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sdb -a
smartctl 7.2 2020-12-30 r5155 [x86_64-linux-5.10.0-9-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-20, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 (AF)
Device Model: ST500DM002-1BD142
Serial Number: W2AYVPQG
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 06add6856
Firmware Version: KC65
User Capacity: 500,107,862,016 bytes [500 GB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 7200 rpm
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is: SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Fri Nov 26 12:32:11 2021 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
See vendor-specific Attribute list for marginal Attributes.
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 592) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 79) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x303f) SCT Status supported.
SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 101 099 006 Pre-fail Always - 353256
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 098 098 020 Old_age Always - 2889
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 036 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 087 060 030 Pre-fail Always - 611100360
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 091 091 000 Old_age Always - 7963
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 098 098 020 Old_age Always - 2870
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 098 098 000 Old_age Always - 2
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 0 0
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 062 044 045 Old_age Always In_the_past 38 (0 59 38 13 0)
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 038 056 000 Old_age Always - 38 (0 8 0 0 0)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 034 026 000 Old_age Always - 353256
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 7949h+37m+36.458s
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 1573025949
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 3066682191
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
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