65,000

Developer Profile

Geography

Each month, about 50 million people visit Stack Overflow to learn, share, and build their careers. Industry estimates suggest that 20-25 million of these people are professional developers and university-level students. The vast majority of our survey respondents this year said they are professional developers or who code sometimes as part of their work or students preparing for such a career.

See our Methodology section for details on how developers around the world accessed our survey.

Developer Profile

Developer Roles

About 55% of respondents identify as full-stack developers, and about 20% consider themselves mobile developers. The median number of developer type identifications per respondent this year is three, and the most common combinations include back-end, front-end, and full-stack developer. Pairs that are highly correlated include database administrator and system administrator, DevOps specialist and site reliability engineer, academic researcher and scientist, and designer and front-end developer.

Survey weighting is an approach used to analyze survey data when the survey sample doesn't match the underlying population well. For example, in our survey this year, 12% of US respondents identify as women, but data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that women's participation in the software developer workforce is about twice that, more like 20%. We can use survey weighting to adjust for the mismatch between our survey sample and the population of developers. We know that there is a difference in developer type representation by gender, so let's compare the overall proportions in our raw results for the United States with weighted proportions, assuming that we undersampled gender minorities at the rate indicated by the BLS report. When we use weighting, we see small increases in the representation of developer roles that have the most representation from women, like Data Scientists and Academic Researchers, and decreases in others with low representation from women, like DevOps.

We know there are more ways in which our survey sample doesn't match the underlying population of developers than only gender (including frequency of use of Stack Overflow), and the United States is not the only country for which we expect such a mismatch. The reason we're using this specific example of weighting here is that it is one where we know we have systemic sampling issues and we have an estimate about the expected population proportion. We can demonstrate the effect of our survey sample on our results, both in direction and magnitude.

49,370 responses; select all that apply Developer, back-end 55.2% Developer, full-stack 54.9% Developer, front-end 37.1% Developer, desktop or enterprise applications 23.9% Developer, mobile 19.2% DevOps specialist 12.1% Database administrator 11.6% Designer 10.8% System administrator 10.6% Developer, embedded applications or devices 9.6% Data or business analyst 8.2% Data scientist or machine learning specialist 8.1% Developer, QA or test 8.0% Engineer, data 7.6% Academic researcher 7.2% Educator 5.9% Developer, game or graphics 5.6% Engineering manager 5.5% Product manager 5.1% Scientist 4.2% Engineer, site reliability 3.9% Senior executive/VP 2.7% Marketing or sales professional 1.3%

Many developers work on code outside of work. About 78% of our respondents say that they code as a hobby. Other responsibilities outside of software can reduce developers' engagement in coding as a hobby; developers who say they have children or other caretaking responsibilities are less likely to code as a hobby. Respondents who are women are also less likely to say they code as a hobby.

64,416 responses Yes 78.2% No 21.8%

Developer Profile

Experience

There is a wide range of experience among developers who visit Stack Overflow, from seasoned developers who learned to code more than 30 years ago (approximately 15%), to a sizable percentage of developers (17%) who learned how to code less than five years ago. Of the professional developers on Stack Overflow, approximately 40% learned to code less than 10 years ago. See more on how these experience levels vary by gender.

57,684 responses Less than 5 years 17.0% 5 to 9 years 30.0% 10 to 14 years 20.1% 15 to 19 years 11.4% 20 to 24 years 8.5% 25 to 29 years 4.4% 30 to 34 years 3.5% 35 to 39 years 2.7% 40 to 44 years 1.6% 45 to 49 years 0.4% 50 years or more 0.3%

65% of respondents have been coding professionally for less than 10 years.

46,349 responses Less than 5 years 39.6% 5 to 9 years 26.8% 10 to 14 years 14.7% 15 to 19 years 7.6% 20 to 24 years 6.0% 25 to 29 years 2.4% 30 to 34 years 1.6% 35 to 39 years 0.8% 40 to 44 years 0.4% 45 to 49 years 0.1% 50 years or more 0.1%

Technical executives and engineering managers tend to have the most professional coding experience. Among the individual contributor roles, the most experienced developers tend to be system administrators, database administrators, and developers who create desktop and embedded applications. On the other end of the spectrum, web developers, academic researchers, and data scientists tend to have fewer years of experience. Part of this could be explained by the proliferation of coding bootcamps that teach web development and the amount of data scientists entering the field from academia.

Mean of 45,264 responses Senior executive/VP 16.5 Engineering manager 13.8 System administrator 11.0 Developer, embedded applications or devices 10.9 Database administrator 10.8 Developer, desktop or enterprise applications 10.8 Engineer, site reliability 10.5 DevOps specialist 10.5 Educator 10.5 Data or business analyst 10.0 Scientist 9.9 Designer 9.8 Developer, game or graphics 9.2 Engineer, data 9.1 Developer, QA or test 8.9 Developer, back-end 8.9 Developer, full-stack 8.7 Developer, mobile 8.4 Data scientist or machine learning specialist 8.2 Developer, front-end 8.2 Academic researcher 8.1

Of all of the respondents, over 54% wrote their first line of code, whether it was a web page or a hello world program, by the age of 16. People who wrote their first line of code in their 20s accounted for 13% of the respondents. When looking at the average age by country, respondents from countries such as Brazil and India tend to start writing code a full two years later compared to developers in countries such as Poland and Germany, who on average start coding by the age of 15.

57,900 responses Younger than 10 years 8.9% 10 to 11 years old 10.0% 12 to 13 years old 16.0% 14 to 15 years old 19.2% 16 to 17 years old 16.3% 18 to 19 years old 14.7% 20 to 21 years old 6.3% 22 to 23 years old 3.0% 24 to 25 years old 2.1% 26 to 27 years old 1.0% 28 to 29 years old 0.7% 30 years old or older 1.7%

Developer Profile

Education

Approximately 75% of respondents worldwide completed at least the equivalent of a bachelor's degree or higher. This is consistent with what we've seen in previous years.

57,431 responses Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) 46.2% Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) 22.8% Some college/university study without earning a degree 12.6% Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) 8.3% Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) 3.2% Other doctoral degree (Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.) 2.9% Primary/elementary school 1.6% Professional degree (JD, MD, etc.) 1.4% I never completed any formal education 0.9%

There are a variety of academic paths to becoming a professional software developer. Of the respondents that write code professionally and studied at the university level, over 62% have a degree in computer science, computer engineering, or software engineering and just under 10% have a degree in another engineering field. Interestingly enough, almost 10% of the respondents have a business related degree or a degree in a humanities, social science, or fine arts field of study.

50,995 responses Computer science, computer engineering, or software engineering 61.9% Another engineering discipline (such as civil, electrical, mechanical, etc.) 9.3% Information systems, information technology, or system administration 8.0% A natural science (such as biology, chemistry, physics, etc.) 4.3% Mathematics or statistics 3.6% Web development or web design 3.5% A business discipline (such as accounting, finance, marketing, etc.) 2.7% A humanities discipline (such as literature, history, philosophy, etc.) 2.0% A social science (such as anthropology, psychology, political science, etc.) 1.8% Fine arts or performing arts (such as graphic design, music, studio art, etc.) 1.4% I never declared a major 0.9% A health science (such as nursing, pharmacy, radiology, etc.) 0.5%

Almost 85% of the respondents that are professional developers feel that formal education is at least somewhat important, which is contrary to the popular idiom that you don't need formal education to become a developer. However, almost 16% believe that it is not at all important or necessary.

48,465 responses Critically important 9.8% Very important 24.5% Fairly important 26.2% Somewhat important 23.5% Not at all important/not necessary 16.1%

Developer Profile

Demographics

Consistent with the data from last year, we still see evidence that people of color are underrepresented among professional developers. However, we see some improvement when we look at all respondents—not just the ones who code professionally. Despite a gradual change year over year, there is still much work to do to increase participation rates.

45,948 responses; select all that apply White or of European descent 68.3% South Asian 10.4% Hispanic or Latino/a/x 7.6% Middle Eastern 4.9% East Asian 4.6% Black or of African descent 4.5% Southeast Asian 4.5% Multiracial 1.7% Biracial 1.2% Indigenous (such as Native American, Pacific Islander, or Indigenous Australian) 0.8%

When looking at gender identity by country, we see various participation rates of professional developers who are women. Consistent with last year's survey, women developers account for almost 12% of developers in the US. In countries such as Germany, Brazil, and Poland, the participation rate is about half of that, which goes to show there is still much work to do to reach appropriate gender representation in the field. Among the respondents that code professionally, almost 92% are men.

51,406 responses; % who identify as women or non-binary United States 11.8% Canada 11.0% United Kingdom 10.9% Australia 10.1% Netherlands 8.4% France 8.0% India 7.0% Germany 6.5% Brazil 5.8% Poland 4.7%

Approximately 1% of this year’s respondents that write code professionally are transgender.

49,345 responses; select all that apply No 99.0% Yes 1.0%

We see varying representation from men and women in different developer roles on our survey. All categories have dramatically more developers who identify as men than women, but the ratio of men to women varies. Developer types above the line have respondents that are more likely than average to be men, and those below the dotted line have respondents who are more likely than average to be women. Developers who are data scientists or academic researchers are about 10 times more likely to be men than women, while developers who are system admins or DevOps specialists are 25-30 times more likely to be men than women. Women have the highest representation as front-end developers, designers, data scientists, data analysts, QA or test developers, scientists, and educators.

When we break down differences in years since learning to code by gender, we notice some retention problems. We see a big drop off at the 10-14 year mark when compared to men, though we've seen some improvement from last year's survey. This is consistent with other research that women leave tech jobs at higher rates than men. If we truly want to make a difference and see gender parity in the industry that is reflective of society, retention is key. It is important to not only hire people from diverse backgrounds, but to also create an environment where they feel included and can thrive.

45,896 responses Less than 5 years 15.4% 5 to 9 years 29.2% 10 to 14 years 20.5% 15 to 19 years 12.0% 20 to 24 years 9.0% 25 to 29 years 4.7% 30 to 34 years 3.8% 35 to 39 years 2.9% 40 to 44 years 1.7% 45 to 49 years 0.4% 50 years or more 0.3%

Participants’ responses regarding their sexual orientation are consistent with previous years.

43,992 responses; select all that apply Straight / Heterosexual 92.1% Bisexual 5.7% Gay or Lesbian 2.7% Queer 1.5%

Among the respondents, almost 15% said they have some type of anxiety, mood, or emotional disorder. When looking at differences in physical ability, around 2% of respondents are differently-abled, such as being blind / having difficulty seeing or being deaf / having difficulty hearing. This underscores the importance of creating accessible software and creating companies that accomodate differently-abled people.

9,532 responses identified as having a mental difference I have an anxiety disorder 7.2% I have a mood or emotional disorder (e.g. depression, bipolar disorder) 7.2% I have a concentration and/or memory disorder (e.g. ADHD) 5.4% I have autism / an autism spectrum disorder (e.g. Asperger's) 2.3%

Of the respondents that are professional developers, 70% are under 35 and about 5% are 50 years old or older.

45,446 responses Younger than 15 years 0.5% 15 to 19 years 5.4% 20 to 24 years 20.3% 25 to 29 years 26.5% 30 to 34 years 19.4% 35 to 39 years 12.4% 40 to 44 years 6.7% 45 to 49 years 3.9% 50 to 54 years 2.3% 55 to 59 years 1.4% 60 years and older 1.3%

When we break down the age of the survey respondents by country, we see that developers in North America and Western Europe tend to skew older and have more coding experience compared to other regions.

Mean of 28,492 responses United States 33.7 United Kingdom 33.1 Canada 32.2 Netherlands 31.9 Germany 30.9 France 30.4 Brazil 29.4 Poland 28.9 India 26.0

Technology

Most Popular Technologies

Unsurprisingly, for the eighth year in a row, JavaScript has maintained it's stronghold as the most commonly used programming language. Going further down the list, we also see moderate gains for TypeScript, edging out C in terms of popularity. Additionally, Ruby, once in the top 10 of this list as recently as 2017, has declined, being surpassed by newer, trendier technologies such as Go and Kotlin.

57,378 responses; select all that apply JavaScript 67.7% HTML/CSS 63.1% SQL 54.7% Python 44.1% Java 40.2% Bash/Shell/PowerShell 33.1% C# 31.4% PHP 26.2% TypeScript 25.4% C++ 23.9% C 21.8% Go 8.8% Kotlin 7.8% Ruby 7.1% Assembly 6.2% VBA 6.1% Swift 5.9% R 5.7% Rust 5.1% Objective-C 4.1% Dart 4.0% Scala 3.6% Perl 3.1% Haskell 2.1% Julia 0.9%

When focusing purely on web frameworks, we see that jQuery is still king, but is slowly losing ground to React.js and Angular year over year. We do see some consolidation, as more than 35% of respondents use jQuery, React, a version of Angular (combining Angular, which represents Angular 2+, and Angular.js) or a flavor of ASP.NET (ASP.NET or ASP.NET Core).

42,279 responses; select all that apply jQuery 43.3% React.js 35.9% Angular 25.1% ASP.NET 21.9% Express 21.2% ASP.NET Core 19.1% Vue.js 17.3% Spring 16.4% Angular.js 16.1% Django 14.2% Flask 14.2% Laravel 11.1% Ruby on Rails 7.0% Symfony 4.4% Gatsby 4.0% Drupal 3.2%

Similar to last year, we asked about many of the other miscellaneous technologies that developers are using. For the second year in a row, Node.js takes the top spot, as it is used by half of the respondents. We also see growth across the board in the popularity of data analysis and machine learning technologies such as Pandas, TensorFlow, and Torch/PyTorch.

40,314 responses; select all that apply Node.js 51.4% .NET 35.1% .NET Core 26.7% Pandas 15.5% TensorFlow 11.5% React Native 11.5% Unity 3D 10.9% Ansible 7.3% Flutter 7.2% Teraform 6.2% Keras 6.2% Cordova 6.0% Xamarin 5.8% Apache Spark 5.2% Torch/PyTorch 4.6% Hadoop 4.5% Unreal Engine 3.3% Puppet 2.3% Chef 1.8%

When looking at database technologies, the results are mostly consistent with what we observed last year. MySQL has maintained the top spot, followed by PostgreSQL and Microsoft SQL Server. However, we see some slight growth in the popularity of Firebase, which edged out Elasticsearch this year.

49,537 responses; select all that apply MySQL 55.6% PostgreSQL 36.1% Microsoft SQL Server 33.0% SQLite 31.2% MongoDB 26.4% Redis 18.3% MariaDB 16.8% Oracle 16.5% Firebase 14.4% Elasticsearch 13.8% DynamoDB 7.1% Cassandra 3.3% IBM DB2 2.9% Couchbase 1.9%

Linux and Windows maintain the top spots for most popular platforms, with over half of the respondents reporting that they have done development work with them this year. We also see some year over year growth in the popularity of container technologies such as Docker and Kubernetes.

53,843 responses; select all that apply Linux 55.0% Windows 53.1% Docker 35.0% AWS 26.7% Android 26.2% MacOS 24.0% Raspberry Pi 14.9% Microsoft Azure 14.5% WordPress 14.2% Google Cloud Platform 14.1% iOS 12.2% Kubernetes 11.5% Heroku 11.1% Arduino 10.6% Slack Apps and Integrations 7.3% IBM Cloud or Watson 1.6%

Technology

Most Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted

For five years running, Rust has taken the top spot as the most loved programming language. TypeScript is second surpassing Python compared to last year. We also see big gains in Go, moving up to 5th from 10th last year.

VBA, Objective C, and Perl hold the top spots for the most dreaded languages—languages that had a high percentage of developers who are currently using them, but have no interest in continuing to do so.

If we look at technologies that developers report that they do not use but want to learn, Python takes the top spot for the fourth year in a row. We also see some modest gains in the interest in learning Rust.

% of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it Rust 86.1% TypeScript 67.1% Python 66.7% Kotlin 62.9% Go 62.3% Julia 62.2% Dart 62.1% C# 59.7% Swift 59.5% JavaScript 58.3% SQL 56.6% Bash/Shell/PowerShell 53.7% HTML/CSS 53.5% Scala 53.2% Haskell 51.7% R 44.5% Java 44.1% C++ 43.4% Ruby 42.9% PHP 37.3% C 33.1% Assembly 29.4% Perl 28.6% Objective-C 23.4% VBA 19.6%

ASP.NET Core is the most loved web framework, beating out React.js. Gatsby, a newcomer on the survey, is already sitting at 5th, being loved by 60% of the respondents.

Although it is amongst the most popular web frameworks, Angular.js is also considered to be the most dreaded.

% of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it ASP.NET Core 70.7% React.js 68.9% Vue.js 66.0% Express 61.9% Gatsby 60.7% Spring 57.7% Django 55.3% Flask 54.4% Angular 54.0% Laravel 51.4% Ruby on Rails 49.3% Symfony 45.6% ASP.NET 36.9% jQuery 36.5% Drupal 25.5% Angular.js 24.1%

.NET Core and Torch/PyTorch remain the most loved of the other remaining frameworks, libraries and tools. DevOps tools Chef and Puppet are among the most dreaded technologies.

% of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it .NET Core 71.5% Torch/PyTorch 70.5% Flutter 68.8% Pandas 68.4% Teraform 68.0% Keras 67.1% Node.js 66.8% TensorFlow 65.2% Ansible 58.5% React Native 57.9% Apache Spark 57.5% Unity 3D 56.0% Unreal Engine 52.7% .NET 47.5% Hadoop 46.4% Xamarin 45.4% Puppet 38.5% Cordova 28.7% Chef 27.6%

Taking a look at database technologies, Redis remains the most loved, followed by PostgreSQL and Elasticsearch. Anecdotally, Stack Overflow has been using both Redis and Elasticsearch in our tech stack for years, since the early days of the company. IBM DB2 ranked as the most dreaded database and MongoDB remains the database technology that developers want to learn the most.

% of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it Redis 66.5% PostgreSQL 63.9% Elasticsearch 58.7% MongoDB 56.0% Firebase 54.9% MariaDB 51.3% Microsoft SQL Server 50.9% DynamoDB 50.7% SQLite 49.4% MySQL 47.1% Cassandra 43.6% Couchbase 33.2% Oracle 33.2% IBM DB2 23.3%

Linux remains the most loved platform. Container technologies Docker and Kubernetes rank as the second and third most loved. They are also among the platforms that developers most want to learn, which demonstrates how beloved they are. Wordpress is still the most dreaded, but Slack Apps and integrations, newly added to the list this year, rank high at the number four spot.

% of developers who are developing with the language or technology and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it Linux 76.9% Docker 73.6% Kubernetes 71.1% AWS 66.4% Raspberry Pi 66.1% MacOS 64.4% Microsoft Azure 62.2% iOS 61.1% Google Cloud Platform 60.9% Windows 57.5% Android 57.1% Arduino 53.2% Slack Apps and Integrations 51.0% Heroku 46.2% IBM Cloud or Watson 37.8% WordPress 33.0%

Technology

Development Environments and Tools

Almost half of the respondents use Windows as their primary operating system. The rest were almost evenly split between MacOS and a flavor of Linux.

46,223 responses Windows 45.8% MacOS 27.5% Linux-based 26.6% BSD 0.1%

Of the professional developers who responded to the survey, almost 82% use GitHub as a collaborative tool and more than half use Slack.

52,883 responses; select all that apply GitHub 82.8% Slack 53.0% Jira 47.7% Google Suite (Docs, Meet, etc) 41.5% Gitlab 37.0% Confluence 32.4% Trello 29.6% Microsoft Teams 25.6% Microsoft Azure 14.8% Stack Overflow for Teams 5.8% Facebook Workplace 3.0%

When researching new tools, over three-fourths of respondents like to try the tool for themselves via a free trial. Social proof is also important, as over 60% of developers ask other developers they know about it or visit developer communities such as Stack Overflow.

37,321 responses; select all that apply Start a free trial 77.1% Ask developers I know/work with 67.9% Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 64.0% Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 29.9% Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 12.3% Research companies that have emailed me 5.5%

With regards to technology purchases within their organization, around 57% of respondents have some or a great deal of influence.

39,364 responses I have a great deal of influence 17.8% I have some influence 39.1% I have little or no influence 43.2%

Technology

Top Paying Technologies

Globally, respondents who use Perl, Scala, and Go tend to have the highest salaries, with a median salary around $75k. Interestingly, Perl is amongst the top most dreaded languages, so it's possible that this high salary is to compensate for the dearth of developers who want to use that technology. When looking only at the US, Scala developers tend to have the highest salaries.

Median of 33,534 responses; USD Perl $76k Scala $76k Go $74k Rust $74k Ruby $71k Bash/Shell/PowerShell $65k Objective-C $64k Haskell $60k Julia $59k Python $59k Swift $58k C# $57k R $57k TypeScript $57k Kotlin $54k SQL $54k Assembly $53k C++ $53k JavaScript $53k HTML/CSS $52k VBA $51k C $50k Java $50k PHP $39k Dart $37k

Technology

Correlated Technologies

Technologies cluster together into related ecosystems that tend to be used by the same developers. This network graph demonstrates this by showing which technologies are most highly correlated with each other. Similar to last year, we see a large cluster of web development technologies connected via SQL to one for Microsoft technologies, as well as a cluster of operations technologies connected to the Python ecosystem network through Linux.

Technology

Learning & Problem Solving

We asked developers how frequently they learn a new language or framework. Around 75% of respondents noted that they learn a new technology at least every few months or once a year. This demonstrates how quickly innovations happen and developers are constantly learning to keep their skills fresh.

56,156 responses Every few months 37.3% Once a year 36.8% Once every few years 23.7% Once a decade 2.2%

We asked respondents what they do when they get stuck on a problem. Almost 90% reported that they visit Stack Overflow. This is an encouraging sign that we're succeeding in our mission to help people get access to the knowledge they need to get things done.

54,983 responses; select all that apply Visit Stack Overflow 90.6% Do other work and come back later 54.4% Watch help / tutorial videos 52.8% Call a coworker or friend 49.9% Go for a walk or other physical activity 43.3% Play games 15.0% Meditate 11.7% Panic 10.9% Visit another developer community 10.3%

For the first time, we asked developers how they feel when they search for a coding solution online and the first result link is purple because they already visited the link. About half of respondents chose 'Hello, old friend', which suggests it may be a frequent occurrence for certain tasks. Perhaps this is why over 2.1 million people visited the 'How do I exit the Vim editor?' question on Stack Overflow.

54,803 responses Hello, old friend 51.6% Indifferent 18.3% Amused 15.9% Annoyed 14.3%

Employment

Over 92% of professional developers are employed at least part-time. Roughly 12% of all respondents say they are students.

63,854 responses Employed full-time 70.9% Student 12.2% Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 8.9% Not employed, but looking for work 3.7% Employed part-time 3.5% Not employed, and not looking for work 0.5% Retired 0.4%

India has an noticeably higher proportion of students compared to other countries that are well-represented in the survey data. In all of these locations, more than 70% of developers are employed full-time.

12,417 responses Employed full-time 78.6% Student 8.9% Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 6.3% Not employed, but looking for work 2.9% Employed part-time 2.2% Retired 0.7% Not employed, and not looking for work 0.5%

For the first time this year, we asked respondents how often they work overtime or beyond the formal time expectation of their job. Over 75% of developers work overtime at least occasionally, defined as one to two days per quarter.

43,231 responses Never 10.9% Rarely: 1-2 days per year or less 15.0% Occasionally: 1-2 days per quarter but less than monthly 21.9% Sometimes: 1-2 days per month but less than weekly 26.7% Often: 1-2 days per week or more 25.5%

Company Information

44,334 responses Just me - I am a freelancer, sole proprietor, etc. 4.9% 2 to 9 employees 9.9% 10 to 19 employees 9.3% 20 to 99 employees 21.6% 100 to 499 employees 18.7% 500 to 999 employees 6.5% 1,000 to 4,999 employees 11.0% 5,000 to 9,999 employees 4.1% 10,000 or more employees 13.9%

Almost half of the respondents reported that their company has a good onboarding process. About one fifth had no onboarding process at all.

42,623 responses Yes 48.6% No 29.7% Onboarding? What onboarding? 21.7%

We asked survey takers if their organizations have dedicated DevOps personnel. An equal amount of respondents reported that their company had at least one dedicated employee to handle DevOps as those who reported they had none.

42,686 responses Yes 43.8% No 43.6% Not sure 12.5%

We also asked survey takers about the importance of DevOps to scaling software development. Almost 80% of respondents believed that DevOps is at least somewhat important, with almost half of the respondents noting that it is extremely important.

41,732 responses Extremely important 48.1% Somewhat important 31.0% Neutral 17.4% Not very important 2.0% Not at all important 1.4%

Career Values

Overall, developers tend to be satisfied with their jobs, with almost 65% reporting that they are either slightly or very satisfied with their job. On the other end of the spectrum, around 25% are slightly to very dissatisfied.

45,194 responses Very dissatisfied 8.3% Slightly dissatisfied 15.8% Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 12.8% Slightly satisfied 30.8% Very satisfied 32.3%

Looking for a Job

Almost 83% of respondents reported that they are either not actively looking or interested in new job opportunities. This is consistent with our findings about developer job satisfaction—most developers are happy with their jobs.

51,727 responses I’m not actively looking, but I am open to new opportunities 57.6% I am not interested in new job opportunities 25.1% I am actively looking for a job 17.3%

When looking across several countries with large developer populations, job satisfaction is mostly consistent. In the US, UK, Germany, and Canada, over 80% of developers are not actively looking for a job, but at least half are open to new opportunities.

10,660 responses I’m not actively looking, but I am open to new opportunities 54.7% I am not interested in new job opportunities 31.4% I am actively looking for a job 13.9%

If we break out the data by job function, over 20% of academic researchers, data scientists, and data/business analysts are actively looking for a new job, followed closely by designers, game developers, and mobile developers at 19%. This is consistent with findings from past surveys, where we saw that academic researchers and designers were among the roles that had the lowest job satisfaction.

Mean of 44,927 responses Academic researcher 21.7% Data scientist or machine learning specialist 20.5% Data or business analyst 20.2% Designer 19.6% Developer, game or graphics 19.3% Developer, mobile 19.1% Educator 18.9% Scientist 17.9% Engineer, data 17.6% Database administrator 17.2% Developer, front-end 16.9% Developer, embedded applications or devices 16.5% Developer, QA or test 16.3% Developer, back-end 16.2% Developer, full-stack 15.7% Engineer, site reliability 15.5% Developer, desktop or enterprise applications 15.5% System administrator 15.4% Product manager 15.0% Engineering manager 13.6% DevOps specialist 12.7% Senior executive/VP 11.8%

For the first time, we asked developers what drove them to look for a new job. Better compensation was by far the most common factor for respondents with 70% of them noting that more pay was important. Wanting to work with new technologies was the second most popular factor, which is consistent with what respondents reported as one of the most important priorities when choosing between two jobs.

42,286 responses; select all that apply Better compensation 70.0% Wanting to work with new technologies 58.5% Curious about other opportunities 57.1% Growth or leadership opportunities 52.9% Better work/life balance 48.3% Trouble with leadership at my company 26.8% Looking to relocate 26.3% Having a bad day (or week or month) at work 20.3% Trouble with my direct manager 17.0% Just because 12.3% Trouble with my teammates 11.7% Wanting to share accomplishments with a wider network 10.3%

We asked respondents how they learn about a company during a job hunt and received mixed responses. Most respondents turn to reviews on third party sites, such as Glassdoor and Blind. However, a large amount also learn from viewing company sponsored media, such as blogs and company culture videos. Interestingly, relatively fewer respondents seek publicly available financial information, such as data from Crunchbase, which is consistent with respondents noting that company financial performance and fundraising is not a very important factor when deciding to take a job.

41,022 responses; select all that apply Company reviews from third party sites (e.g. Glassdoor, Blind) 69.6% Read company media, such as employee blogs or company culture videos 65.3% Personal network - friends or family 63.4% Read other media like news articles, founder profiles, etc. about the company 49.2% Directly asking current or past employees at the company 36.2% Publicly available financial information (e.g. Crunchbase) 26.4%

Job Priorities

We asked the survey respondents if we control for compensation, benefits, and location, what three characteristics would most influence their decision to choose one job offer over another. Overall, the languages and technologies that the developer would be working with was most important, followed by the office environment or company culture and flexibility of schedule. Interestingly enough, the least important factors were the financial performance of the organization (11.4%), the specific team they would be working on (11.2%), and the diversity of the organization (6.6%).

However, if we control for gender, we see some differences in the rankings. For example, among the women respondents, 48% selected company culture to be one of the most important factors and 18% indicated that diversity was also of top importance. Among the non-binary respondents, 49.9% chose office environment and company culture in the top three most important factors and 33.4% strongly valued the diversity of the company.

49,349 responses; select three most important Languages, frameworks, and other technologies I’d be working with 51.3% Office environment or company culture 44.5% Flex time or a flexible schedule 43.9% Opportunities for professional development 41.4% Remote work options 33.3% How widely used or impactful my work output would be 20.8% Industry that I’d be working in 15.3% Family friendliness 12.1% Financial performance or funding status of the company or organization 11.9% Specific department or team I’d be working on 11.8% Diversity of the company or organization 6.9%

As mentioned previously, there are differences in job priorities by gender, so we also compared the overall opinion in the raw results with a weighted opinion. Weighting does not change the results significantly; however, we see gains in office environment or company culture and diversity of the organization.

10,294 responses; select three most important Office environment or company culture 47.5% Languages, frameworks, and other technologies I’d be working with 47.1% Flex time or a flexible schedule 41.1% Remote work options 37.2% Opportunities for professional development 33.5% How widely used or impactful my work output would be 23.5% Industry that I’d be working in 16.4% Specific department or team I’d be working on 16.0% Family friendliness 12.8% Financial performance or funding status of the company or organization 12.5% Diversity of the company or organization 9.1%

Salary

Across the board, engineering managers, SREs, DevOps specialists, and data engineers tend to receive the highest salaries. When focusing on the US, we see some differences at the bottom of the salary spectrum. In the US, mobile developers and educators tend to have a higher salary relative to other occupations when compared to the global developer population.

Median of 34,279 responses; USD Engineering manager $92k Engineer, site reliability $80k DevOps specialist $68k Engineer, data $65k Data scientist or machine learning specialist $58k Developer, embedded applications or devices $57k Scientist $57k Developer, desktop or enterprise applications $56k Data or business analyst $55k Developer, full-stack $54k System administrator $54k Developer, back-end $53k Developer, QA or test $53k Database administrator $50k Developer, game or graphics $50k Developer, front-end $49k Educator $49k Designer $47k Developer, mobile $43k Academic researcher $41k

When we look at how salary compares with years of experience, we see the expected - developers with more experience tend to command higher salaries. However, we see some differences when we look at specific developer roles. SREs, DevOps specialists, and data engineers command a disproportionately higher salary compared to developers within a similar level of experience in different roles. This is consistent with what we saw in the salary trends as a whole. Designers, mobile developers and educators tend to command a disproportionately lower salary.

Salaries also differ in terms of years of experience when looking at the programming language a developer uses as well. For most languages, the relationship between salary and years of coding experience is linear. However, we see some outliers with users of Python and R commanding higher salaries. This could be explained by the fact that these languages are often used by data scientists who are among the most highly compensated developers.

Globally, over 75% of developers work less than 45 hours per week. Senior executives, engineering managers and product managers tend to work longer hours.

41,151 responses Less than 30 hours 7.3% 30 to 34 hours 3.6% 35 to 39 hours 13.5% 40 to 44 hours 51.7% 45 to 49 hours 11.2% 50 to 54 hours 7.0% 55 to 59 hours 1.2% 60 to 64 hours 2.6% 65 to 69 hours 0.2% 70 hours or more 1.8%

Community

Site Use

Developers visit Stack Overflow. A lot. Our survey respondents likely visit even more than the average developer, since a majority of respondents found the survey from Stack Overflow emails, notifications, and banners. Over 82% of respondents visit Stack Overflow at least a few times per week, with over 59% visiting every day. In the United States, there are only slight shifts between the results weighted by gender and unweighted results on visit frequency.

56,970 responses I have never visited Stack Overflow (before today) 0.3% Less than once per month or monthly 3.1% A few times per month or weekly 13.9% A few times per week 23.7% Daily or almost daily 30.5% Multiple times per day 28.6%

About 83% of the participants in our survey say they are registered users with accounts. This provides important context for interpreting our survey results, because most Stack Overflow traffic comes from anonymous, unregistered visitors.

56,805 responses Yes 83.2% No 10.7% Not sure/can't remember 6.0%

Almost all of responents have visited Stack Overflow and about two-thirds have visited Stack Exchange.

58,275 responses; select all that apply Stack Overflow (public Q&A for anyone who codes) 98.0% Stack Exchange (public Q&A for a variety of topics) 67.3% Stack Overflow Jobs (for job seekers) 36.3% Stack Overflow for Teams (private Q&A for organizations) 4.5% Stack Overflow Talent (for hiring companies/recruiters) 2.4% Stack Overflow Advertising (for technology companies) 1.4% I have never visited any of these sites 0.9%

Community

Stack Overflow Community Now

Some developers come to Stack Overflow only to find answers to their questions, while others participate in the community by asking, answering, voting for, or commenting on questions. Over 34% of survey respondents participate on Stack Overflow a few times per month or more often. When comparing United States weighted data to unweighted results, we see more representation from those who have never participated on Stack Overflow.

46,792 responses I have never participated in Q&A on Stack Overflow 22.3% Less than once per month or monthly 43.7% A few times per month or weekly 17.8% A few times per week 9.0% Daily or almost daily 4.7% Multiple times per day 2.6%

About 43% of the respondents to our survey consider themselves part of our community, but this varies for different groups of people. For example, we find that respondents who identify as men see themselves as part of the community at much higher rates than those with other gender identities. The tech community as a whole, and we at Stack Overflow in particular, still have work to do in this area.

56,476 responses Yes, definitely 15.8% Yes, somewhat 27.0% Neutral 20.7% No, not really 26.0% No, not at all 8.5% Not sure 1.9%

Most respondents say they feel just as welcome on Stack Overflow as they felt last year. Answers this year were slightly more polarized than those from 2019. When asked why they responded the way they did, respondents who felt less welcome mentioned the relationship between the community and the company and question quality. Respondents who felt more welcome mentioned feeling more comfortable and confident, the site being nicer or friendlier, and features of the site like emails and the newsletter.

52,683 responses A lot more welcome now than last year 6.1% Somewhat more welcome now than last year 9.5% Just as welcome now as I felt last year 70.6% Somewhat less welcome now than last year 5.9% A lot less welcome now than last year 4.0% Not applicable - I did not use Stack Overflow last year 3.9%

For around 60% of respondents, Stack Overflow is the only online developer community they are a member of. Of the 41% who indicated they are members of other online developer communities. 15k respondents provided at least one additional community they participate in. Though this data is not present in results, it is available for analysis in the raw data.

57,205 responses No 58.3% Yes 41.7%

Community

Stack Overflow Community Moving Forward

We asked respondents in a free text question one thing they would change about Stack Overflow if they had the chance. Respondents shared ideas focusing on question quality, improving search, identifying and removing outdated answers, frustrations with duplicate question handling, and issues with the way the company treats the community.

The aspects of Stack Overflow that respondents would like to change exhibit differences across demographic groups. For example, developers who are men are more likely to want specific new features, while developers who are women are more likely to want to change norms for communication on our site.

We asked respondents whether they believe that Stack Overflow should relax restrictions on what is considered off-topic and received mixed results. Most respondents were not sure and almost 37% believe that restrictions should not be relaxed.

50,804 responses Not sure 39.8% No 36.5% Yes 23.7%

Europe

24,688

North America

15,570

16,400

South America

3,070

Africa

2,709

Australia/Oceania

1,570

Other (country not listed)

We asked respondents about their salary. First, we asked what currency each respondent typically used. Then we asked that respondent what their salary was in that currency and whether that salary was weekly, monthly, or yearly.

We converted salaries from user currencies to USD using the exchange rate on 2020-02-19, and also converted to annual salaries assuming 12 working months and 50 working weeks.

This question, like most on the survey, was optional. There were 34,279 respondents who gave us salary data.

The top approximately 2% of salaries inside and outside of the US were trimmed and replaced with threshold values. The threshold values for inside and outside the US were different.