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Smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire

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The Silk Road
Date	Mid-6th century (552/563 CE)
Location	Central Asia
Participants	Two monks
Outcome	Establishment of Byzantine silk industry

In the mid-6th century CE, two monks, with the support of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, acquired and smuggled living silkworms into the Byzantine Empire, which led to the establishment of an indigenous Byzantine silk industry that long held a silk monopoly in Europe.

Background[edit]

Silk, which was first produced sometime during the third millennium BCE by the Chinese and/or Indus Valley Civilisation,[1] was a valuable trade commodity along the Silk Road.[2] By the first century CE, there was a steady flow of silk into the Roman Empire.[2] With the rise of the Sassanid Empire and the subsequent Roman–Persian Wars, importing silk to Europe became increasingly difficult and expensive. The Persians strictly controlled trade in their territory and would suspend trade in times of war.[3] Consequently, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I tried creating alternative trade routes to Sogdiana, which at the time had become a major silk-producing centre:[4] one to the north via Crimea, and one to the south via Ethiopia.[5] The failure of these efforts led Justinian I to look elsewhere.

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  565AD. Byzantine Empire, blue and purple; Sassanid Empire in yellow. Sassanid vassals, in orange, encompassing the Persian Gulf to the south, and reaching the Indus river in the southeast and the Kingdom of Khotan in the northeast (both silk-growing areas).

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  Sogdiana, located in Central Asia north of the Sassanid states. Silk was also produced in the Kingdom of Khotan (east of Sogdiana) at this time, and in the Indian subcontinent, east of the Sassanid Empire

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  Silk production also occurred in these areas of East Asia in 560AD, in the Northern and Southern dynasties or Six Dynasties period

Expedition[edit]

Two unidentified monks (most likely members of the Nestorian Church[2][5]) who had been preaching Christianity in India (Church of the East in India), made their way to China by 551 CE.[6] While they were in China, they observed the intricate methods for raising silkworms and producing silk.[6] This was a key development, as the Byzantines had previously thought silk was made in India.[clarification needed][7] In 552 CE, the two monks sought out Justinian I.[5] In return for his generous but unknown promises, the monks agreed to acquire silkworms from China.[clarification needed][4] They most likely traveled a northern route along the Black Sea, taking them through the Transcaucasus and the Caspian Sea.[8]

Since adult silkworms are rather fragile and have to be constantly kept at an ideal temperature, lest they perish,[9][clarification needed] they used their contacts in Sogdiana to smuggle out silkworm eggs or very young larvae instead, which they hid within their bamboo canes.[clarification needed][8][5]Mulberry bushes, which are required for silkworms, were either given to the monks or already imported into the Byzantine Empire.[8] All in all, it is estimated that the entire expedition lasted two years.[10]

Impact[edit]

Shortly after the expedition there were silk factories in Constantinople, Beirut, Antioch, Tyre, and Thebes.[5] The acquired silkworms allowed the Byzantine Empire to have a silk monopoly in Europe. The acquisition also broke the Chinese and Persian silk monopolies.[8] The resulting monopoly was a foundation for the Byzantine economy for the next 650 years until its demise in 1204.[11] Silk clothes, especially those dyed in imperial purple, were almost always reserved for the elite in Byzantium, and their wearing was codified in sumptuary laws.[2] Silk production in the region around Constantinople, particularly in Thrace in northern Greece, has continued to the present (see: Silk museums of Soufli).

In popular culture[edit]

In Season 1, Episode 4 of the Netflix series Marco Polo,[12] released in 2014, two men are caught smuggling silkworms in their walking sticks. Kublai Khan must decide whether or not to kill them for their crime, which is punishable by death, but he ultimately shows mercy and allows Marco Polo to decide their fate.

Sources[edit]