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关于Linux挂载 fstab 和 systemd.mount 使用场景的一些笔记

 1 year ago
source link: https://liruilongs.github.io/2022/10/26/%E5%BE%85%E5%8F%91%E5%B8%83/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8ELinux%E6%8C%82%E8%BD%BD%20fstab%20%E5%92%8C%20systemd.mount%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%9C%BA%E6%99%AF%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0/
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关于Linux挂载 fstab 和 systemd.mount 使用场景的一些笔记

不知归路,宁愿一世无悔追逐。——王小波


不知归路,宁愿一世无悔追逐。——王小波


对于不熟悉的小伙伴这里简单介绍下:

systemd.mount 用于封装一个文件系统挂载点(也向后兼容传统的 /etc/fstab 文件)。 系统中所有的 ".mount" 为后缀的单元文件, 封装了一个由 systemd 管理的文件系统挂载点。类似Service unit 一样,可以配置自动挂载

┌──[[email protected]]-[~]
└─$systemctl list-unit-files -t mount
UNIT FILE STATE
........
tmp.mount disabled
var-lib-nfs-rpc_pipefs.mount static

就拿 tmp.mount来讲, 通过 systemctl cat tmp.mount 可以查看 mount 的单元文件/usr/lib/systemd/system/tmp.mount

可以看到挂载信息,当前的文件系统类型为 Type=tmpfs, 挂载位置为 Where=/tmp 系统临时文件夹,挂载的存储设备为 What=tmpfs 基于内存的存储

┌──[[email protected]]-[~]
└─$systemctl cat tmp.mount
[Unit]
Description=Temporary Directory
Documentation=man:hier(7)
Documentation=http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems
ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=!/tmp
DefaultDependencies=no
Conflicts=umount.target
Before=local-fs.target umount.target
After=swap.target

[Mount]
What=tmpfs
Where=/tmp
Type=tmpfs
Options=mode=1777,strictatime

# Make 'systemctl enable tmp.mount' work:
[Install]
WantedBy=local-fs.target

systemctl status tmp.mount 命令可以查看状态

┌──[[email protected]]-[~]
└─$systemctl status tmp.mount
● tmp.mount - Temporary Directory
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/tmp.mount; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
Where: /tmp
What: tmpfs
Docs: man:hier(7)
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems
┌──[[email protected]]-[~]
└─$

但是传统的挂载方式我们一般是使用 mount 或者直接写到/etc/fstab文件下。类似下面这样

┌──[[email protected]]-[~]
└─$cat /etc/fstab
UUID=9875fa5e-2eea-4fcc-a83e-5528c7d0f6a5 / xfs defaults 0 0

然后来看下这个问题

To have /tmp on tmpfs, I know I can use an entry in /etc/fstab, but I do not understand the role of /etc/default/tmpfs mentioned sometimes, and in what case I need to create or modify it.

Recently, I often see suggested to use systemd tmp.mount confuguration. For example, on Debian:

为了在tmpfs上有/tmp,我知道我可以使用/etc/fstab中的条目,但我不明白/etc/default/tmpfs的作用提到,在什么情况下我需要创建或修改它。

$ sudo cp /usr/share/systemd/tmp.mount /etc/systemd/system/
$ sudo systemctl enable tmp.mount

Which of the two methods is more appropriate for everyday use? In what situations one is better than the other? When do I need to deal with /etc/default/tmpfs?

这两种方法哪一种更适合日常使用?在什么情况下一种比另一种更好?


On some systems, /tmp is a tmpfs by default, and this is the configuration provided by systemd’s “API File Systems”. Fedora-based systems follow this pattern to various extents; Fedora itself ships /usr/lib/systemd/system/tmp.mount and enables it, but RHEL 8 ships it without enabling it. On such systems, masking and unmasking the unit is the appropriate way of disabling or enabling a tmpfs /tmp, as documented in the API File Systems documentation.

在某些系统上,/tmp 默认是 tmpfs,这是 systemdAPI文件系统提供的配置。基于 Fedora 的系统在不同程度上遵循这种模式。; Fedora 本身发布了 /usr/lib/systemd/system/tmp.mount 并启用它,但是 RHEL 8 没有启用它。在这样的系统上,屏蔽和解密单元是禁用或启用 tmpfs /tmp 的适当方法,如API文件系统文档中所述。

这里的 API文件系统 即指:https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/

APIFileSystems : Linux 内核为用户空间与它通信提供了多种不同的方式。许多设施都有系统调用,其他的隐藏在 Netlink 接口之后,甚至还有一些通过虚拟文件系统(例如/proc或/sys. 这些文件系统是编程接口,它们实际上并没有真正的持久存储支持。他们只是使用内核的文件系统接口作为各种不相关机制的接口。类似地,用户空间将一些文件系统用于其自身的 API 目的,用于存储共享内存段、共享临时文件或套接字。

Fedora: 是由Fedora项目社区开发、红帽公司赞助,目标是创建一套新颖、多功能并且自由(开放源代码)的操作系统。Fedora是商业化的Red Hat Enterprise Linux发行版的上游源码。


Other systems such as Debian don’t ship tmp.mount in a directly-usable location; this is why you need to copy it to /etc/systemd/system if you want to use it. This has the unfortunate side-effect of creating a full override of tmp.mount in /etc, which means that if the systemd package ships a different version of tmp.mount in /lib/systemd/system in the future, it will be ignored. On such systems I would recommend using /etc/fstab instead.

其他系统,如Debian,并没有将 tmp.mount 放在可直接使用的位置,因此如果你想使用它,需要将其复制到 /etc/systemd/system 。这样做的副作用是在 /etc中创建了一个完全覆盖的tmp.mount,这意味着如果将来 systemd 软件包在 /lib/systemd/system 中提供不同版本的 tmp.mount,它将被忽略。在这样的系统中,我建议使用 /etc/fstab代替

这里被忽略是因为单元文件的优先级问题,优先级从高到底

  • 本地配置的系统单元: /etc/systemd/system
  • 运行时配置的系统单元: /run/systemd/system
  • 软件包安装的系统单元: /usr/lib/systemd/system

In both setups, /etc/fstab is still the recommended way of customising /tmp mounts, e.g. to change their size; man systemd.mount says

在这两种设置中,/etc/fstab 仍然是自定义/tmp挂载的推荐方式,例如改变其大小;man systemd.mount

In general, configuring mount points through /etc/fstab is the preferred approach to manage mounts for humans.

通常,通过配置挂载点 /etc/fstab 是为人类管理挂载的首选方法。

and the API File Systems documentation concurs.
API文件系统文档也推荐这种

Using mount units is recommended for tooling, i.e. for automated configuration:
建议使用 mount units 作为工具,即用于自动配置。

For tooling, writing mount units should be preferred over editing /etc/fstab.
对于工具来说,编写挂载单元应该比编辑/etc/fstab更合适。

(This means that tools which want to automatically set up a mount shouldn’t try to edit /etc/fstab, which is error-prone, but should instead install a mount unit, which can be done atomically and can also be overridden by a system administrator using systemd features.)

(这意味着想要自动设置挂载的工具不应该尝试编辑/etc/fstab,这很容易出错,而是应该安装一个 mount unit,这可以原子化地完成,也可以由系统管理员使用systemd功能覆盖。)

/etc/default/tmpfs is used by Debian’s sysvinit, so it’s irrelevant with systemd.
/etc/default/tmpfsDebiansysvinit 使用,所以它与 systemd 没有关系。

博文引用资源


tmp on tmpfs: fstab vs tmp.mount with systemd: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/722496/tmp-on-tmpfs-fstab-vs-tmp-mount-with-systemd

API File Systems :https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/


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