What James Webb Has Learned About The Stunning Cartwheel Galaxy
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What James Webb Has Learned About The Stunning Cartwheel Galaxy
With the flood of new data coming from the James Webb Space Telescope, we can all look forward to more breathtaking images of space objects, like a recently released image which shows the stunning Cartwheel Galaxy. Galaxies appear in many ways, from faint, distant ones which are visible only as fuzzy blobs to galaxies near to the Milky Way, in which you can see individual stars and study their compositions and ages. And when seen in detail, these galaxies can have a variety of shapes, from spiral galaxies — similar to our own galaxy — to elliptical galaxies, which are long and thin.
The Cartwheel Galaxy stands apart from the crowd, however, due to its distinctive wagon wheel-like shape. Named for its bright central region and many arms reaching out into shape, it was formed when two galaxies collided — one large spiral galaxy and another smaller galaxy, changing the structure of the final merged galaxy resulting from the collision (via ESA).
The galaxy is located around 500 million light-years away, and it used to be something of a mystery, because it was hard for astronomers to see through the large amounts of dust in the galaxy, which block visible light. But the instruments on the James Webb Space Telescope look in the infrared wavelength, which means they can peer through dust to see structures which would otherwise be hidden. This image is a composite of data taken using Webb's Near-Infrared Camera, or NIRCam, looking in the 0.6 to 5 micron range, and the Mid-Infrared Instrument, or MIRI, which looks in the 5 to 28 micron range.
Learning from the Cartwheel
Data from both instruments was necessary to build up a more complete picture of the galaxy. The NIRCam data, which appears as blue, orange, and yellow in the composite image, shows bright young stars in the outer ring of the galaxy especially well. Areas of blue show where new stars are being born (via ESA).
MIRI data can show composition of parts of the galaxy, like regions of hydrocarbons and silicate dust. The MIRI image also shows the "spokes" that radiate out from the central region of the galaxy.
The unusual structure of the galaxy can be seen more clearly in the MIRI image, where you can see both an inner ring close to the center and an outer ring around the galaxy's edges. These rings are created by the collision between the two original galaxies, which formed the current galaxy when shockwaves were sent out by the massive event. The structure means the galaxy is called a ring galaxy, one of the rarest types of galaxy.
The Cartwheel galaxy will continue to change and evolve over time as well. "Webb's observations underscore that the Cartwheel is in a very transitory stage," ESA scientists wrote. "The galaxy, which was presumably a normal spiral galaxy like the Milky Way before its collision, will continue to transform. While Webb gives us a snapshot of the current state of the Cartwheel, it also provides insight into what happened to this galaxy in the past and how it will evolve in the future."
The Incredible And Controversial Evolution Of Elon Musk's Neuralink
Elon Musk is no stranger to controversial and outlandish ideas. Over the past few years, he's suggested nuking Mars to make it more habitable, mass-produced a "flamethrower" that was promptly banned in several states, and promised to have a prototype of a 5'8" tall robot butler ready sometime in 2022.
The long list of Musk's strange projects also includes Neuralink. A brain implant that promises to help people overcome disability, interface with electrical devices, increase their cognitive ability, and even upload their memories to the cloud. It may sound ambitious, but Neuralink's testing has come a long way. The scientists developing the device, and Musk himself, believe it is ready for human trials and hope the FDA will give them the green light soon. However, testing may not have gone as smoothly as first reported, several legal and ethical hurdles still stand in the way, and some competition has emerged. So let's take an in-depth look at what Neuralink is, what it promises to do, and what has happened so far.
What is Neuralink?
Neuralink is a brain implant that translates the electrical fields our brains produce into code which can then be used to interact with numerous electrical devices. The company's website states that the device will let you control a computer or mobile device anywhere you go. The implant consists of a chip and some tiny threads that link up with various parts of the brain. There is also a charger that wirelessly connects to allow users to charge their Neuralink implant from the outside. An app would be used to teach people how to interface with the device and connect them to other objects via Bluetooth.
Musk and Neuralink hope that the installation procedure for their chip will eventually be quick and painless. He has claimed the procedure may subsequently be performed in doctors' offices and take less than an hour. The company has designed a robot to "reliably and efficiently" insert the chip's threads into the areas of the brain where they need to be. However, Neuralink has stated that the first testers will undergo the typical brain surgery process and have holes drilled through their skulls.
Musk wants Neuralink to help people with brain injuries in the short term
One of Neuralink's main goals is to help people with brain, and spinal injuries overcome their disabilities. Elon Musk has claimed that paralyzed person with a Neuralink implant could operate a smartphone with their mind faster than a non-disabled person could operate one with their thumbs. Musk says that Neuralink could be used to treat a variety of medical issues that impact almost everyone at some point in their life. The conditions listed during his presentation ranged in severity. So far, it has been claimed that Neuralink may help treat: memory loss, depression, anxiety, hearing loss, insomnia, addiction, blindness, extreme pain, strokes, paralysis, seizures, and brain damage.
Neuralink expects the device's first application to be "computer control for people with quadriplegia." Speaking to the Wall Street Journal, Musk said he hoped the device would be tested in people with "severe spinal cord injuries" following FDA approval. He went on to once again claim the technology could restore "full-body functionality" to people with spinal cord injuries.
The possibilities could be life-changing for everyone
If Musk and Neuralink's claims are true, Neuralink will have the potential to enhance the lives of the able-bodied as well. Since the early days of Musk's involvement, there have been suggestions that Neuralink could be used to increase a user's cognitive ability. So if you're bad at mathematics, for example, you could have a calculator automatically feeding answers into your brain the second you think of a problem.
Black Mirror's creators pictured their show as more of a warning than an inspiration. Unfortunately, part of Musk's vision eerily parallels "The Entire History of You." Musk says you will be able to upload memories via your Neuralink and replay them at your leisure. Musk also claims he wants to save everyone time by cutting out steps like speaking or writing when performing tasks or conveying ideas (via The Guardian). Although its initial focus is on the medical field, Neuralink has openly stated that its goal is to one day produce "BCIs that are sufficiently safe and powerful that the general population would want to have them."
It can have less life-changing applications in the long-term too
If Neuralink lives up to its promise, most of its applications may not be life-changing at all. Interfacing with electrical objects will just be simplified. Instead of looking for the TV remote, you could just change the channel with your mind. Rather than ask your home assistant, your house's lights could be controlled telepathically. No Xbox controller? No problem, you might be playing games with your mind one day.
As we've mentioned, Neuralink is initially focusing on larger, life-changing problems. But if it hits a point where anyone can opt for an implant, it could lead to people interacting with all of their electronics through Neuralink. As we mentioned earlier, Musk and Neuralink's initial plans involve linking someone to their phone or computer. From there, the user's phone or computer can be used to connect to other items like keyboards, cameras, and writing programs. If you already have the option to control something with your phone, Neuralink suggests you could control it with their implant too.
Musk has also speculated that a Neuralink could be used to stream music directly into someone's brain. He has also described the device as a "Fitbit with tiny wires" and suggested health monitoring will also be part of the package.
It could help people compete with AI, or maybe even interface with it
Elon Musk has a strange relationship with artificial intelligence (AI). AI development is central to a number of his companies, including Tesla, which relies on advanced AI for its promised self-driving features. Musk has also repeatedly claimed AI will one day destroy the human race and even lobbied the UN for limitations on its use in warfare.
Neruralink's relationship with artificial intelligence is similar. On the one hand, Musk claims the cognitive and speed boosts Neuralink will give people the ability to compete with advanced AI in the future. On the other, Musk has also said it will allow people to interface with AI, "merging their brains" with advanced computer systems. However, Musk's consistent wariness of AI seems to play a part in the merger, too — he sees it as the only way people can stay competitive as artificial intelligence advances.
There are legal and ethical hurdles, obviously
As brain surgery is central to Neuralink's concept, there are obviously a number of legal and ethical considerations to be made. North Carolina State University has published a number of papers on brain-computer interface (BCI) technology. In those papers, several experts highlight the risks involved with this new technology. Some of the risks include those commonly associated with surgery, infection, and glial scarring. Veljko Dubljević, who co-authored two of the papers, also highlighted the difficulty in upgrading the devices as technology improved. While you can simply trade in your old cell phone as a new one is released, things get more complex when the thing you're trying to trade in has been embedded in your skull.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also published extensive guidelines relating to the development of BCI technology. Everything from the way data is reported to the use of adolescent patients has been discussed and regulated, and a lot of the guidelines overlap with the regulation of other devices. FDA approval is one of the major hurdles Neuralink is trying to overcome, and it has still not been granted, despite both Musk and Neuralink insisting their work exceeds the standards the US government has laid out.
Neuralink has already performed several successful animal tests
The first hint of successful animal testing emerged in 2020 when pictures of a rat with a chip protruding from its head were included in one of Neuralink's research papers. The device implanted into the rat measured 23 x 18.5 x 2 mm and contained over 3,000 electrodes that were connected to the rodent's brain through 96 threads. A USB-C port was used for "full-bandwidth data streaming from the device."
Neuralink has moved beyond rats. The device has also been successfully tested in both pigs and monkeys. The company's Youtube channel shows the brain activity of one pig, Gertrude, as she is being fed in her pen. Unlike the rat, the implant itself does not seem to be visible on the much larger pig — which suggests Neuralink would also be invisible when implanted into a human. The most standout example was the devices used in a macaque. A video released in early 2021 shows the monkey playing the classic videogame "Pong" and controlling the paddle with nothing but its brain waves.
Animal rights conflicts
Some of the monkeys Neuralink was tested on weren't so lucky. Animal rights group the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) claims it has obtained records showing 15 of the 23 monkeys Neuralink was tested on died during the company's tests. Beyond that, the PCRM claims the monkeys were subject to extreme suffering during the trials. Among the committee's claims are allegations that Neuralink and UC Davis staff did not provide dying monkeys with "adequate care," used an unapproved "bio glue" that destroyed the brains of two monkeys, and euthanized some monkeys before they were even used in the experiment.
In response, Neuralink admitted eight monkeys died over the course of its experiments and that two of those were euthanized "at planned end dates" to gather information that could only be obtained through autopsy. The company's website currently contains an animal welfare statement that claims the company used external institutions to house the animals while their own facility was being built and that some "terminal procedures" where the animal is killed at the end of the experiment were performed. Neuralink also claimed some macaques were missing fingers due to conflicts with other monkeys, but none of these conflicts had occurred under their care. All animal testing performed by the company had met the necessary federal requirements.
Neuralink then describes its current facilities and practices with regard to animal testing, including the 6,000-square-foot vivarium built to house the animals and the specially trained staff it has on hand.
Musk wants to put Neuralink in a human this year
During a 2021 interview with the Wall Street Journal, Musk outlined his desire to put a Neuralink chip in a person at some point in 2022. During the interview, Musk described the device as "safe," "reliable," and "something that can be removed safely." Musk again confirmed the first patients the device would be tested on would be people who suffer from serious, debilitating spinal cord injuries such as quadriplegics and tetraplegics (people who have lost the ability to voluntarily control the movement of multiple limbs). The world's richest man went on to say he is "cautiously optimistic" about Neuralink's chances of success.
Although Neuralink is still waiting for FDA approval, some of the company's direct rivals have been given the green light to proceed with human testing. New York-based Synchron Inc., which has been around since 2012, got the go-ahead in 2021 and announced the enrollment of their first patient in early May 2022 (via Businesswire). Like Neuralink, Synchron is developing a product that will allow the human brain to interface with existing electronic devices. Synchron also intends to use its device to improve the lives of people with debilitating medical conditions. So Neuralink may one day change the world, but there's a good chance another company will get there first.
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