A 9-line summary of textbook physics

This 9-line summary of textbook physics agrees with 400 years of experiments.

9 lines state that general relativity and the standard model of particle physics describe all of nature. The free physics volume telling more about each line is linked.

1. Nature dislikes squander: dW = 0 Action W=∫L dt is minimized in every motion. Locally, L = Ekin-Epot.

2. Nature dislikes hurrying: v ≤ c Energy speed v is limited by the speed of light c.

3. Nature dislikes excessive force: F ≤ c4/4G Force F is limited by c and the gravitational constant G.

4. Nature dislikes sloth: W ≥ ℏ Action W is never smaller than the quantum of action ℏ.

5. Nature dislikes perfect order: S ≥ k Entropy S is never smaller than the Boltzmann constant k.

       (and Vol. VI)

6. Electric charges are conserved and attract or repel: U(1) is the symmetry of electromagnetism.

7. Nuclei show two other types of charges and forces: SU(3) and broken SU(2) are the symmetries of the two nuclear interactions.

8. Nature determines the elementary particles: About 18 particles – bosons, quarks and leptons – with their charges and properties make up everything.

9. Nature determines the fundamental constants: About 25 numbers – dimensions, coupling constants, particle mass ratios, mixings – determine all observations, colours & beauty.

No known observation contradicts these nine lines.

Find one and become famous!

The nine lines determine all equations of physics:

Lines 1, 2 and 3, together, uniquely determine special and general relativity, cosmology, the Hilbert Lagrangian and Einstein's field equations, as told here.

Lines 1, 2 and 4 to 9, together, uniquely determine quantum field theory and the Lagrangian of the standard model of particle physics, with massive neutrinos.

The nine lines resulted from the work of millions of scientists and engineers.

Galileo started around the year 1600; line 1 resulted after over 150 years. Line 5 arose from 1824 to 1929, line 6 arose
around 1860, lines 2 and 4 around 1900, line 3 from 1915 to 2002, and lines 7, 8 and 9 from 1936 to 1973.

The nine lines contain physics, chemistry, material science, biology, medicine, geology, astronomy, engineering and computer science.

It appears that the nine lines contain all natural sciences!

The nine lines contain all present knowledge about nature, including all textbook physics and all observations ever made.

Isn't this incredible?

Note: the 9 lines correct these.

Three questions are open in fundamental physics.

III    Are all observations in nature described by the 9 lines – or are there phenomena beyond present textbook physics?

For example, to which line do dark matter and dark energy belong exactly?c4

II    Are there any undiscovered lines with new physics – or will  F ≤ c4/4G  remain the last law of physics?

Explored mainly in the years from 1973 to 2002, the force limit is the law of physics discovered last.4
The limit value c4/4G ≈ 3.0 · 1043 N for the local force has passed all checks.4
It allows deducing Einstein's field equations and is the shortest known summary of general relativity.4
Because line 3 on maximum force c4/4G was added to the list only recently, a separate web page is dedicated to it.c4

IIII    What is the common explanation for the 9 lines – or is there none?c4

In particular, what determines line 1, the Lagrangian description of all motion?c4
What determines the limits of lines 2 to 5?c4
And what determines lines 6 to 9, i.e., the force spectrum, the particle spectrum and the fundamental constants?c4
The lines 6 to 9 contain the only known physics effects unexplained by and thus beyond the standard model.c4

Enjoy searching for answers.