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彻底搞懂 Kubernetes 中的 Events

 2 years ago
source link: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/451177868
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彻底搞懂 Kubernetes 中的 Events

大家好,我是张晋涛。

之前我写了一篇《更优雅的 Kubernetes 集群事件度量方案》,利用 Jaeger 利用 tracing 的方式来采集 Kubernetes 集群中的 events 并进行展示。最终效果如下:

v2-c3b3fe7c4b2eee6c32db71d3cbab2fc3_720w.jpg

写那篇文章的时候,立了个 flag 要详细介绍下其中的原理,鸽了很久,现在年底了,也该发出来了。

Eents 概览

我们先来做个简单的示例,来看看 Kubernetes 集群中的 events 是什么。

创建一个新的名叫 moelove 的 namespace ,然后在其中创建一个叫做 redis 的 deployment。接下来查看这个 namespace 中的所有 events。

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl create ns moelove
namespace/moelove created
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove create deployment redis --image=ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine 
deployment.apps/redis created
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get deploy
NAME    READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
redis   1/1     1            1           11s
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events
LAST SEEN   TYPE     REASON              OBJECT                        MESSAGE
21s         Normal   Scheduled           pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Successfully assigned moelove/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr to kind-worker3
21s         Normal   Pulling             pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine"
15s         Normal   Pulled              pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Successfully pulled image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine" in 6.814310968s
14s         Normal   Created             pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Created container redis
14s         Normal   Started             pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Started container redis
22s         Normal   SuccessfulCreate    replicaset/redis-687967dbc5   Created pod: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr
22s         Normal   ScalingReplicaSet   deployment/redis              Scaled up replica set redis-687967dbc5 to 1

但是我们会发现默认情况下 kubectl get events 并没有按照 events 发生的顺序进行排列,所以我们往往需要为其增加 --sort-by='{.metadata.creationTimestamp}' 参数来让其输出可以按时间进行排列。

这也是为何 Kubernetes v1.23 版本中会新增 kubectl alpha events 命令的原因。我在之前的文章《K8S 生态周报| Kubernetes v1.23.0 正式发布,新特性一览》中已进行了详细的介绍,这里就不展开了。

按时间排序后可以看到如下结果:

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events --sort-by='{.metadata.creationTimestamp}'
LAST SEEN   TYPE     REASON              OBJECT                        MESSAGE
2m12s       Normal   Scheduled           pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Successfully assigned moelove/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr to kind-worker3
2m13s       Normal   SuccessfulCreate    replicaset/redis-687967dbc5   Created pod: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr
2m13s       Normal   ScalingReplicaSet   deployment/redis              Scaled up replica set redis-687967dbc5 to 1
2m12s       Normal   Pulling             pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine"
2m6s        Normal   Pulled              pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Successfully pulled image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine" in 6.814310968s
2m5s        Normal   Created             pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Created container redis
2m5s        Normal   Started             pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Started container redis

通过以上的操作,我们可以发现 events 实际上是 Kubernetes 集群中的一种资源。当 Kubernetes 集群中资源状态发生变化时,可以产生新的 events

深入 Events

单个 Event 对象

既然 events 是 Kubernetes 集群中的一种资源,正常情况下它的 metadata.name 中应该包含其名称,用于进行单独操作。所以我们可以使用如下命令输出其 name :

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events --sort-by='{.metadata.creationTimestamp}' -o jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{"\n"}{end}'
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7bde8c69d2
redis-687967dbc5.16c4fb7bde6b54c4
redis.16c4fb7bde1bf769
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7bf8a0ab35
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7d8ecaeff8
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7d99709da9
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7d9be30c06

选择其中的任意一条 event 记录,将其输出为 YAML 格式进行查看:

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7bde8c69d2 -o yaml
action: Binding
apiVersion: v1
eventTime: "2021-12-28T19:31:13.702987Z"
firstTimestamp: null
involvedObject:
  apiVersion: v1
  kind: Pod
  name: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr
  namespace: moelove
  resourceVersion: "330230"
  uid: 71b97182-5593-47b2-88cc-b3f59618c7aa
kind: Event
lastTimestamp: null
message: Successfully assigned moelove/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr to kind-worker3
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:31:13Z"
  name: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7bde8c69d2
  namespace: moelove
  resourceVersion: "330235"
  uid: e5c03126-33b9-4559-9585-5e82adcd96b0
reason: Scheduled
reportingComponent: default-scheduler
reportingInstance: default-scheduler-kind-control-plane
source: {}
type: Normal

可以看到其中包含了很多信息, 这里我们先不展开。我们看另一个例子。

kubectl describe 中的 Events

我们可以分别对 Deployment 对象和 Pod 对象执行 describe 的操作,可以得到如下结果(省略掉了中间输出):

  • 对 Deployment 操作
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove describe deploy/redis                
Name:                   redis
Namespace:              moelove
...
Events:
  Type    Reason             Age   From                   Message
  ----    ------             ----  ----                   -------
  Normal  ScalingReplicaSet  15m   deployment-controller  Scaled up replica set redis-687967dbc5 to 1
  • 对 Pod 操作
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove describe pods redis-687967dbc5-27vmr
Name:         redis-687967dbc5-27vmr                                                                 
Namespace:    moelove
Priority:     0
Events:
  Type    Reason     Age   From               Message
  ----    ------     ----  ----               -------
  Normal  Scheduled  18m   default-scheduler  Successfully assigned moelove/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr to kind-worker3
  Normal  Pulling    18m   kubelet            Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine"
  Normal  Pulled     17m   kubelet            Successfully pulled image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine" in 6.814310968s
  Normal  Created    17m   kubelet            Created container redis
  Normal  Started    17m   kubelet            Started container redis

我们可以发现 对不同的资源对象进行 describe 的时候,能看到的 events 内容都是与自己有直接关联的。在 describe Deployment 的时候,看不到 Pod 相关的 Events 。

这说明, Event 对象中是包含它所描述的资源对象的信息的,它们是有直接联系的。

结合前面我们看到的单个 Event 对象,我们发现 involvedObject 字段中内容就是与该 Event 相关联的资源对象的信息

更进一步了解 Events

我们来看看如下的示例,创建一个 Deployment ,但是使用一个不存在的镜像:

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove create deployment non-exist --image=ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist
deployment.apps/non-exist created
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get pods
NAME                        READY   STATUS         RESTARTS   AGE
non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd   0/1     ErrImagePull   0          11s
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr      1/1     Running        0          26m

我们可以看到当前的 Pod 处于一个 ErrImagePull 的状态。查看当前 namespace 中的 events (我省略掉了之前 deploy/redis 的记录)

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events --sort-by='{.metadata.creationTimestamp}'                                                           
LAST SEEN   TYPE      REASON              OBJECT                           MESSAGE
35s         Normal    SuccessfulCreate    replicaset/non-exist-d9ddbdd84   Created pod: non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd
35s         Normal    ScalingReplicaSet   deployment/non-exist             Scaled up replica set non-exist-d9ddbdd84 to 1
35s         Normal    Scheduled           pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd    Successfully assigned moelove/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd to kind-worker3
17s         Warning   Failed              pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd    Error: ErrImagePull
17s         Warning   Failed              pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd    Failed to pull image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = failed to pull and unpack image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist:latest": failed to resolve reference "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist:latest": failed to authorize: failed to fetch anonymous token: unexpected status: 403 Forbidden
18s         Normal    Pulling             pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd    Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"
4s          Warning   Failed              pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd    Error: ImagePullBackOff
4s          Normal    BackOff             pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd    Back-off pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"

对这个 Pod 执行 describe 操作:

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove describe pods non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd
...
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age                    From               Message
  ----     ------     ----                   ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled  4m                     default-scheduler  Successfully assigned moelove/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd to kind-worker3
  Normal   Pulling    2m22s (x4 over 3m59s)  kubelet            Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"
  Warning  Failed     2m21s (x4 over 3m59s)  kubelet            Failed to pull image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = failed to pull and unpack image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist:latest": failed to resolve reference "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist:latest": failed to authorize: failed to fetch anonymous token: unexpected status: 403 Forbidden
  Warning  Failed     2m21s (x4 over 3m59s)  kubelet            Error: ErrImagePull
  Warning  Failed     2m9s (x6 over 3m58s)   kubelet            Error: ImagePullBackOff
  Normal   BackOff    115s (x7 over 3m58s)   kubelet            Back-off pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"

我们可以发现,这里的输出和之前正确运行 Pod 的不一样。最主要的区别在与 Age 列。这里我们看到了类似 115s (x7 over 3m58s) 这样的输出。

它的含义表示: 该类型的 event 在 3m58s 中已经发生了 7 次,最近的一次发生在 115s 之前

但是当我们去直接 kubectl get events 的时候,我们并没有看到有 7 次重复的 event 。这说明 Kubernetes 会自动将重复的 events 进行合并

选择最后一条 Events (方法前面内容已经讲了) 并将其内容使用 YAML 格式进行输出:

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd.16c4fce570cfba46 -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
count: 43
eventTime: null
firstTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:57:06Z"
involvedObject:
  apiVersion: v1
  fieldPath: spec.containers{non-exist}
  kind: Pod
  name: non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd
  namespace: moelove
  resourceVersion: "333366"
  uid: 33045163-146e-4282-b559-fec19a189a10
kind: Event
lastTimestamp: "2021-12-28T18:07:14Z"
message: Back-off pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:57:06Z"
  name: non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd.16c4fce570cfba46
  namespace: moelove
  resourceVersion: "334638"
  uid: 60708be0-23b9-481b-a290-dd208fed6d47
reason: BackOff
reportingComponent: ""
reportingInstance: ""
source:
  component: kubelet
  host: kind-worker3
type: Normal

这里我们可以看到其字段中包括一个 count 字段,表示同类 event 发生了多少次。以及 firstTimestamplastTimestamp 分别表示了这个 event 首次出现了最近一次出现的时间。这样也就解释了前面的输出中 events 持续的周期了。

彻底搞懂 Events

以下内容是从 Events 中随便选择的一条,我们可以看到它包含的一些字段信息:

apiVersion: v1
count: 1
eventTime: null
firstTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:31:13Z"
involvedObject:
  apiVersion: apps/v1
  kind: ReplicaSet
  name: redis-687967dbc5
  namespace: moelove
  resourceVersion: "330227"
  uid: 11e98a9d-9062-4ccb-92cb-f51cc74d4c1d
kind: Event
lastTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:31:13Z"
message: 'Created pod: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr'
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:31:13Z"
  name: redis-687967dbc5.16c4fb7bde6b54c4
  namespace: moelove
  resourceVersion: "330231"
  uid: 8e37ec1e-b3a1-420c-96d4-3b3b2995c300
reason: SuccessfulCreate
reportingComponent: ""
reportingInstance: ""
source:
  component: replicaset-controller
type: Normal

其中主要字段的含义如下:

  • count: 表示当前同类的事件发生了多少次 (前面已经介绍)
  • involvedObject: 与此 event 有直接关联的资源对象 (前面已经介绍) , 结构如下:
type ObjectReference struct {
 Kind string
 Namespace string
 Name string
 UID types.UID
 APIVersion string
 ResourceVersion string
 FieldPath string
}
  • source: 直接关联的组件, 结构如下:
type EventSource struct {
 Component string
 Host string
}
  • reason: 简单的总结(或者一个固定的代码),比较适合用于做筛选条件,主要是为了让机器可读,当前有超过 50 种这样的代码;
  • message: 给一个更易让人读懂的详细说明
  • type: 当前只有 NormalWarning 两种类型, 源码中也分别写了其含义:
// staging/src/k8s.io/api/core/v1/types.go
const (
 // Information only and will not cause any problems
 EventTypeNormal string = "Normal"
 // These events are to warn that something might go wrong
 EventTypeWarning string = "Warning"
)

所以,当我们将这些 Events 都作为 tracing 的 span 采集回来后,就可以按照其 source 进行分类,按 involvedObject 进行关联,按时间进行排序了。

总结

在这篇文章中,我主要通过两个示例,一个正确部署的 Deploy,以及一个使用不存在镜像部署的 Deploy,深入的介绍了 Events 对象的实际的作用及其各个字段的含义。

对于 Kubernetes 而言,Events 中包含了很多有用的信息,但是这些信息却并不会对 Kubernetes 造成什么影响,它们也并不是实际的 Kubernetes 的日志。默认情况下 Kubernetes 中的日志在 1 小时后就会被清理掉,以便释放对 etcd 的资源占用。

所以为了能更好的让集群管理员知道发生了什么,在生产环境中,我们通常会把 Kubernetes 集群的 events 也给采集回来。我个人比较推荐的工具是: https://github.com/opsgenie/kubernetes-event-exporter

当然你也可以按照我之前的文章 《更优雅的 Kubernetes 集群事件度量方案》,利用 Jaeger 利用 tracing 的方式来采集 Kubernetes 集群中的 events 并进行展示。


欢迎订阅我的文章公众号【MoeLove】


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